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　　數學傷大腦

　　Math Hurts My Brain – Why?

　　數學傷大腦

　　It’s time to go again to the A Moment of Science mailbag. A listener writes:

　　又到了科學一刻聽眾的來信時間。一位聽眾寫道：

　　I’m not a math person. In fact, anytime I have to deal with numbers, let alone solve an actual math problem‑‑which, thankfully, is not often‑‑it’s almost painful.

　　我不是很擅長數學。事實上，每次我跟數字一打交道就覺得痛苦不堪，跟別提解決單純的數學問題了，不過謝天謝地，這種事不常有。

　　What’s going on?

　　怎麼回事?

　　First, you should know that you’re certainly not alone. Lots of people suffer from what’s known as math anxiety. And what’s most interesting is that, according to one study, people with very high levels of math anxiety actually experience pain when confronted with a math challenge. Not metaphorical pain‑‑actual, real pain.

　　首先，你要知道你絕不孤單。許多人都遭受數學焦慮症的折磨。最有趣的是，有一項研究表明，嚴重數學焦慮症患者當面對數學挑戰時會實實在在經歷疼痛。這種疼痛不是一種想象出來的感覺，而是真實的痛感。

　　OK, but what does that mean? How can math cause pain?

　　好的，這意味著什麼呢?數學怎麼可能造成疼痛呢?

　　All in the brain

　　存於腦中

　　It’s all in the brain, of course. The researchers compared fourteen people with high math anxiety to fourteen people with low math anxiety. Each group was given a series of word and math problems while an MRI machine scanned their brain activity. Before each problem, either a yellow circle would appear to indicate that they were about to solve a math problem, or a blue square would pop up to signal a word problem.

　　當然，這與大腦有關。研究人員將14名嚴重數學焦慮症患者與14名輕度數學焦慮症患者進行對比。每組人員都拿到一系列的文字與數學問題，同時使用核磁共振成像機器對他們的大腦活動進行掃描。在每一個問題出現前，會有一個黃圈出現，指明他們即將解決一個數學問題，或是出現一個藍色方框，這是表明彈出的是文字問題。

　　When people with high math anxiety saw the dreaded yellow circle, the parts of their brain linked to pain perception lit up like a pinball machine. People with low math anxiety didn’t show much or any activity in that part of the brain.

　　當嚴重數學焦慮症患者看到令人懼怕的黃圈時，他們腦部連線痛感的部分立刻如彈球機一般活躍起來。輕度數學焦慮症患者的那部分大腦則沒出現太多這種情況，甚至都沒有任何反應。

　　So doing math problems caused real pain. Not exactly. It’s the anticipation of doing math that lit up the pain sensors. Actually doing math didn’t cause any pain‑related brain activity.

　　因此，解決數學難題真導致真實的疼痛。並非如此。當得知要解決數學難題時，疼痛感知神經即被啟用。事實上在做數學題的過程中並沒有觸動任何讓人感知疼痛的腦部活動。

　　吃蔬菜的正確時間

　　Timing Your Vegetables Right

　　吃蔬菜的正確時間

　　Veggie Insect Repellent

　　蔬菜殺蟲劑

　　When a vegetable is growing, it protects itself from insects by producing chemical nutrients that make it taste bad or seem repellant to predators. Some of these nutrients—in particular phytochemicals—have been shown to fight cancer in people. What’s more, many vegetables are able to anticipate when insects will attack, and will ramp up its defenses accordingly.

　　蔬菜在生長的過程中會產生化學養分，使其口感變差或讓捕食者排斥，以此來保護自己免受蟲害。這其中的一些化學養分，特別是植物素，已經被證明可以用於人類抵抗癌症。並且，許多蔬菜都能夠提前預見昆蟲的進攻，並相應地增加自身防禦力。

　　Light Exposure

　　曝光量

　　Even after vegetables are harvested and they’re no longer fighting insects, these garden wonders can still be made to produce more nutrients at certain times. This is done by varying a vegetable’s light exposure to simulate the experience of night turning into day. Studies have shown that vegetables stored this way produce more phytochemicals during the light cycle.

　　即便蔬菜已經豐收，無需再抵抗昆蟲，這些菜園中的奇蹟依舊能在某些時候產生較多的營養素。方法就是通過改變蔬菜的光照量來製造出晝夜交替的效果。研究表明這種方式下儲存的蔬菜會在光照週期中產生更多的植物素。

　　So eating vegetables during this golden period means you’re getting more nutritional value!

　　所以在這段黃金時間吃蔬菜意味著你能獲得更多的營養價值!

　　It’s not yet clear how people might be able to activate these nutrition-packed properties at home. Perhaps simply storing veggies in the dark and then subjecting them to a flash of light is enough to trigger the process. Or it could be more complex. In any case, more research could help us find ways to maximize vegetables’ nutritional benefits.

　　至於人們如何能在家就啟用這些儲存的營養素，還不甚清楚。也許只是簡單地將蔬菜儲存在暗處再給予它們一閃光亮就足以觸發這一過程。或者還會更復雜。無論如何，更多的研究會幫助我們找到使蔬菜營養價值最大化的方法。