2016託福閱讀評分標準

　　就托福考試而言,閱讀部分並不是考生覺得最難的部分,但要在此部分拿到高分也不是一件容易的事,需要合理而認真地備考才行。為了幫助大家更好地備考託福閱讀，以下是小編為大家精心準備的：2016年託福閱讀評分標準。歡迎閱讀與參考!

　　如下：

　　新託福閱讀考試共三篇文章,每篇12-14道題,如果遇到加試時從考試的五篇文章中隨機選取三篇計分。在這三篇文章中所有回答正確的題目數量加起來就是你的“total points”。 除重要觀點題和歸類題以外，每道題的分值都是1分。重要觀點題的分值可能是2分。歸類題為3或4分。考試所得分數範圍:：0-30分。

　　託福閱讀成績是如何計算的?

　　託福閱讀部分，總共有3篇文章如遇到加試，則隨機3篇文章算分，另1篇文章不算分。每篇文章700個字，對應14道題目。其中，13道題是基礎資訊和推斷題，每道題1分。最後一道題是小結題，俗稱大題，滿分2分。大題一般情況下是6選3，3個選項錯一個扣一分，扣完為止，即在答題中錯2或3個選項，這個題目不得分。

　　因此，每篇文章對應14個題目，共15分。閱讀部分整體42道題，對應原始分數滿分45分。根據如下表格，將會給出原始分數與最終分數的對應。

　　比如，某位學生閱讀部分，錯了5道小題，3道大題各錯一個選項，因此扣去的分數就應該為5+1+1+1=8分，因此原始分數就是37分，最終得分為27分。另一位學生，錯了12道小題，3道大題中，1道大題選錯2個選項，另外兩道大題各選錯一個，則扣分為12+2+1+1=16分，原始分數為29分，最終分數對應為20分。

　　在此分數對應表格中，需要特別注意的是25分和20分的最終分數。如果得到25分以上，那就等於總分有可能上100分，而100分是申請美國名校的比較有競爭力的分數。如果得到20分以上，那就意味著總分有可能到80分以上，這個分數是申請美國前100名學校時比較基本的分數。

　　大家還需要注意的是0分的最終分數，對應的9分以下的原始分數。在傳統考試中，如果不看題目，直接“蒙”，可能會得到一定的分數。而在託福閱讀中，如果用“蒙”的方法，可能會得到9分的原始分數，但最終分數就是0分。

　　託福TPO閱讀長難句回彙編：

　　TPO1：Groundwater

　　1. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever asediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land,dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositingthe sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

　　2. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, thedeposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inlandat some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimesthousands of meters thick.

　　3. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bedof a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s uppersurface the water table, the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars,will besaturated with groundwater.

　　4. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged withcementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved bypercolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any timeafterwards.

　　5. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease withwhich water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individualcavities and the crevices linking them.

　　6. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tensionto hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them willexist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them inplace; then the water will be firmly held.

　　TPO2：Desert Formation

　　1. The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the　tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

　　2. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced programof land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.

　　TPO2：The Origins of Cetaceans

　　1. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea, it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

　　2. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

　　TPO3：Architecture

　　1. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws,have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.

　　2. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.

　　TPO3：Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer

　　1. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

　　2. This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.

　　3. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.

　　TPO4：Cave Art in Europe

　　1. The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: 1 in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; 2 in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and 3 in the　inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign　that magical-religious activities were performed there.

　　2. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.

　　3. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food.

　　TPO4：Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

　　1. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner1953, in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer mule and black-tailed deer, which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."

　　2. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple,Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of　browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

　　TPO5: Minerals and Plants

　　1. Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue, necrosis isolated dead patches,　anthocyanin formation development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem, stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant.

　　2. Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation.

　　3. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.

　　TPO5: The Origin of the Pacific Island People

　　1. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia　and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.

　　2. The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.

　　3. Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesiansaccidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

　　4. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.

　　TPO6: Powering the Industrial Revolution

　　Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and　although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them　to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the　location was desirable for other reasons.

　　2. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.

　　3. This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his　partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed.

　　4. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients,by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse.

　　TPO6: William Smith

　　1. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England　and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.

　　2. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and　that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.

　　3. Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent.

　　4. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or—300 million years later—in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.