初中英語語法知識點

General 更新 2024年12月01日

  英語語法貫穿整個英語學習過程的始終,下面是小編為大家帶來的,相信對你會有幫助的。

  :形容詞和副詞

  I. 要點

  A. 形容詞

  1、 形容詞的基本用法

  形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的,通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補,有時還可作狀語。如:

  He is honest and hardworking.

  I found the book interesting.

  某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時,謂語通常用複數形式。如:

  The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.

  The English like to be with their families.

  多個形容詞作定語修飾名詞的順序:

  冠詞+序數詞+基數詞+性質狀態***描述性***+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如:

  the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.

  2、 形容詞比較等級的形式

  ***1*** 規則形式

  一般說來,單音節詞及少數雙音節詞在後加-er; --est 來構成比較級和最高階;其他雙音節詞及多音節詞在前加more, most.如:

  great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest

  important-more important-***the***most important

  ***2*** 不規則形式

  good ***well***-better-best bad ***ill***-worse-worst

  many ***much***-more-most little-less-least

  ***3*** 形容詞比較等級的用法

  ①表示兩者的比較,用形容詞的比較級+than. 如:

  He is cleverer than the other boys.

  This one is more beautiful than that one.

  ②表示兩者以上的比較,用"the +形容詞最高階***+名詞***+of***in*** …"如:

  He is the cleverest boy in his class.

  ③表示兩者是同等程度,用"as +形容詞原級+as". 如:

  He is as tall as I.

  I have as many books as you.

  ④ 越… 越…

  例如:The more I learn, the happier I am.

  ⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好

  又如:You can never praise the teacher too highly.你怎麼讚揚這個老師也不過分。

  ⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.那一天是最令我擔心的一天。

  I have never had a better dinner.這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。

  ⑦ My English is no better than yours.我的英語和你的英語都不怎麼樣。

  B.副詞

  1、 副詞的種類

  ***1*** 時間副詞 如:ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等

  ***2*** 地點副詞 如:here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。

  ***3*** 方式副詞 如:carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。

  ***4*** 程度副詞 如:almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。

  2、 副詞比較等級的用法

  其用法與形容詞相似,只是副詞最高階前可省略定冠詞。如:

  Of all the boys he sings ***the*** most beautifully.

  We must work harder.

  3、 某些副詞在用法上的區別

  ***1*** already, yet, still

  already表示某事物已經發生,主要用於肯定句;yet表示期待某事發生,主要用於否定句和疑問句;still表示某事還在進行,主要用於肯定句和疑問句,有時也可用於否定句。如:

  We've already watched that film.

  I haven't finished my homework yet.

  He still works until late every night.

  ***2*** too, as well, also, either

  too, as well和 also用於肯定句和疑問句,too和as well多用於口語,一般放在句末,而also多用於書面語,一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用於否定句和否定的疑問句,往往放在句末。如:

  He went there too.

  He didn't go there either.

  I like you as well.

  I also went there.

  ***3*** hard, hardly

  hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如:

  I work hard every day.

  I can hardly remember that.

  ***4*** late, lately

  lately意為"最近、近來",late意為"晚、遲"。如:

  He never comes late.

  Have you been to the museum lately?

  :介詞

  I. 要點

  1、 介詞和種類

  ***1*** 簡單介詞,常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

  ***2*** 複合介詞,如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。

  2、 介詞和其他詞類的習慣搭配關係

  ***1*** 和動詞的搭配,如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。

  ***2*** 和形容詞的搭配,如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at

  ***3*** 和名詞的搭配,如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.

  3、 介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語,這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數幾個副詞。如:

  He came right after dinner.

  He lives directly opposite the school.

  4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例

  ***1*** at, on, in

  表時間

  表示時間點,某一時刻/年齡用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight, at the age of等;表示不確定的時間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。

  指某天用on, on表示星期幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三個時間段名詞前有修飾語或後有修飾語時如on Monday, on the end of November等。

  in表示時間段,一天的三個時間段以及月份,年,季節,世紀,人生的某個時期***某人幾十歲時***  in the morning/afternoon /evening, in spring /in 2007/in March, in the twenty-first century, in his fifties。

  表地點:

  1***at 一般指較小的地點或較具體的位置

  at the station at the cinema

  2***in 表示在較大的地點或一個有限空間裡.

  in China in the classroom

  3***on 指在某物體的表面上.

  on the desk

  注意: 寫街道時,若有門牌號用at ,否則用on / in 都可.

  He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street.

  ***2*** between, among***表位置***

  between僅用於二者之間,但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關係時,也用between, 如

  I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.

  The village lies between three hills.

  among用於三者或三者以上之間。如:

  He is the best among the students.

  ***3*** beside, besides

  beside意為"在…旁邊",而besides意為"除…之外"。如:

  He sat beside me.

  What do you want besides this?

  ***4*** in the tree, on the tree

  on the tree 表示 “樹上本身長的東西” 在樹上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物體進入樹中” 人或物在樹上.

  There are some apples _____ the tree .

  There is a boy ____ the tree

  ***5*** on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

  on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法

  ***6*** in the corner, at the corner

  in the corner 指在拐角內 at the corner 指在拐角外

  ***7*** in the morning, on the morning

  in the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

  ***8*** by bus, on the bus

  by bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車

  ***9*** 介詞in /on / to 表方位:

  in表示A地在B地範圍之內.***包含關係***

  Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China .

  on表示A,B地接壤.***外切關係***

  Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .

  to表示A,B兩地有一定的間距.***外離關係***

  Japan is _____ the east of China .

  ***10*** after / in 在……之後

  after

  1***after + 時間段. 表示以過去某一時刻為起點的一段時間之後, 用於過去時.

  2***after 作介詞. after doing sth

  in +一段時間. 表示說話時或以現在為起點的將來一段時間之後.用於將來時.

  He came back ______ two days .

  He will go home___finishing his homework .

  He will come back _____ two days .

  ***11*** with / in / by 表示 “用……”

  with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人體器官.

  He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .

  注: with 表伴隨, “帶有,含有”

  He came in _____ a big smile on his face .

  in表示用某種語言,方式,途徑. 或書寫/繪畫所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.

  Can you say it _____English ?

  He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .

  by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法

  I study for a test _____ working with a group .

  He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .

  注意: 同義詞組

  1***.by phone = on the phone

  2***.by car = in a car

  3***.in pen = with a pen = with pens

  ***12*** across / through / over / by 經過

  across 指橫穿,穿過. 表示動作從某一物體表面上經過.

  through 指穿過,透過,表示從某一物體空間內通過.

  over 表示從某人或某物的上空經過或越過,不與表面接觸.

  by 表示從某人/某物的旁邊經過.

  Can you swim ______ the river ?

  The elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .

  I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence.

  I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .

  ***13*** in front of / in the front of

  in the front of 表示在…….內部的前面

  in front of 表示在……外面的前面

  There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom .

  There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.

  ***14*** .其它介詞的用法:

  1.at的其它用法.

  1***.表示 “從事或正在做某事”,其後加的名詞往往不加冠詞.

  She is at work now = She is working now .

  2***at表示 “價格或速度”

  The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .

  2.in的其它用法:

  1***in表示 “在……方面”

  片語:do well in = be good at

  be weak in

  2***in 表示 “穿著”後接表顏色的詞或衣服.

  片語: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服

  3***in作副詞, “在家” = at home

  3.like 的用法:

  1***.像/和……一樣. 常與系動詞連用.

  片語: look like sound like

  2***.與what 連用, “是什麼樣子, 怎樣”.

  What is he like ? He is kind .

  4.off的用法:

  1***.從……下來, 脫離某物體.

  片語: fall off

  2***. “休假”通常放在時間名詞之後.

  片語: have +時間+ off

  He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .

  5.except / besides

  1***.except 除了…….之外, 都……. . 不包括在範圍之內.

  注: nothing but … 除了……之外,什麼也沒有.

  2***.besdies除了……之外,還有…… . 包括在範圍之內.

  We all went swimming ______ Lucy .

  There is _______ a letter in the box .

  We study Japanese and French____ English .

  6.with / without

  1***.with具有,含有 -----反義詞: without 沒有

  片語: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to

  without one’s help

  2***.without 的用法:

  A***.without + sb./ sth. 沒有某人或某物

  B***.without + doing sth .

  He left here without____***say *** “Goodbye”to us

  C***. without sth 常與if 引導的否定的條件句.

  If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .

  7.since / for

  注: since / for 用於現在完成時.

  1***.since :

  a***.since +時間點

  b***. 現在完成時+ since +一般過去時

  c***.since +一段時間+ ago.

  2***for: for +一段時間= since +一段時間+ ago

  8.be made +介詞的區別:

  be made of 由…製成 ***看得見原材料***

  be made from由…製成 ***看不見原材料***

  be made in +地點 由哪兒生產

  be made by sb. 由某人制造

  9.表示 “數量的介詞”

  about , round around over

  1***. about , round around表示 “大約……”

  2***.over 表示 “超過”= more than.

  10.inside / outside

  Inside 在……裡面 ------反義詞:outside在….外面

  11.in the wall /on the wall

  in the wall 表示“門窗在牆上” on the wall 表示“某東西張貼或掛在牆上”

  12. 不用介詞的情況:

  1***.當時間狀為: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等時,不用介詞.

  What are you going to do tonight ?

  2***.含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等時間狀語.

  He went to Wuhan last week .

  3***.以all 開頭的時間狀語前面不用介詞.

  He has worked all day .

  4***.以some ,any, one 等構成的時間狀語前不用介詞

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