有關醫學的英語文章

　　著科技與經濟的不斷髮展，中國人口老齡化也達到了前所未有的水平。醫療生活保健及疾病預防也成了居民生活中急需解決的一大難題。下面是小編帶來的，歡迎閱讀!

　　1

　　中西方醫生地位差距迥異

　　Roy Wang did not want to be a doctor but his grades were too low for engineering so hissouthern China university transferred him to a course for weaker students: medicine.

　　王大夫Roy Wang當年本不想當醫生，但他的高考分數沒有達到工程專業的錄取分數線，因此被他報考的那所華南大學調劑到醫學專業。醫學專業的錄取分數線較低。

　　In most western countries, medicine is a profession that guarantees prestige, high salaries –and the approval of parents who love to brag about “my child the doctor”.

　　在大多數西方國家，醫生這個職業意味著體面、高薪以及父母的認可——父母都喜歡炫耀說，“我的孩子是醫生”。

　　But in China, the reverse is true: doctors are ill-paid, overworked and maligned or evenattacked by patients while many parents would prefer that they became bankers instead.

　　但在中國，情況正好相反：醫生工資不高、工作辛苦，還可能被病人辱罵甚至毆打。許多中國父母更希望自己的子女成為銀行家。

　　Even Chinese doctors prefer their children not to follow them into the profession: according to a2011 survey by the Chinese Medical Doctors’ Association, 78 per cent of respondents said theyhoped their child would not don a white coat.

　　在中國，甚至連醫生也不願自己的子女繼承這個職業。2011年中國醫師協會China Association of MedicalDoctors的一項調查表明，78%的受訪醫生不希望自己的孩子穿上白大褂。

　　Many of China’s less prestigious medical schools find it hard to recruit students to train asdoctors and others find that students with lower scores on the national university entranceexam, or gaokao, use the lower requirements of some medical schools to gain entry touniversity, only to then transfer to faculties with higher earning potential.

　　中國許多不太知名的醫學院出現了招生難現象。還有些高校發現，一些高考分數較低的學生利用一些醫學院錄取分數線較低的機會考進大學，目的只是為了在入學後轉到其他更有“錢途”的專業。

　　“Compared to western countries, the social status and income of doctors in China is not thehighest, so [some medical schools] definitely are not able to attract the best students and theresult is that the profession of doctors is not the most elite in Chinese society,” says HuangGang, vice-dean of Jiaotong University medical school in Shanghai.

　　上海交大醫學院Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine副院長黃鋼表示：“與西方國家相比，中國醫生的社會地位和收入都不是最高，因此有些醫學院肯定招不到最好的學生，結果造成醫生在中國社會中也不屬於最精英的階層。”

　　Top faculties such as Jiaotong usually have little problem filling their quota for students withgood marks, he says, adding that he would prefer to lower his grade expectations if thestudent were truly committed to studying medicine.

　　他表示，交大等一流醫學院要招到高分學生通常沒什麼問題，不過他補充稱，如果學生真的有志學醫，他願意降低分數要求。

　　He says only about 5 per cent of Jiaotong medical students transfer to another faculty eachyear. But less elite medical schools, such as the one at Xiamen University where Dr Wangstudied, struggle to fill available spaces. Xiamen medical school recently waived all fees forthose training to be doctors, to attract better candidates.

　　黃剛表示，上海交大醫學院每年只有約5%的學生轉系。但廈門大學醫學院Xiamen University MedicalSchool，開頭提到的王大夫就畢業於這裡等名氣較低的醫學院，則很難招滿學生。為吸引更好的生源，廈大醫學院最近免除了醫學專業學生的所有費用。

　　Dr Wang, 25, says he estimates about 80 per cent of his intake class at Xiamen medical schoolin 2006 did not end up there because they wanted to be doctors: he estimates that less thanhalf ended up wearing white coats. Some chose instead to work in the pharmaceutical industry,now embroiled in bribery allegations which could further damage the public image of the medicalprofession.

　　今年25歲的王大夫表示，據他估計，與他一同在2006年入讀廈門大學醫學院的同學中，大約由80%的學生都是調劑過來的。他估計，他的同學中只有不到一半最終當了醫生。還有一些同學選擇進入製藥行業，而製藥業如今爆出的賄賂醜聞，進一步破壞了醫療工作者在公眾眼中的形象。

　　Speaking after a gruelling day working in the emergency department of a Shanghai hospital, DrWang says low salaries are one reason that medicine does not attract China’s best students .

　　在上海一家醫院的急診室，剛剛結束一天辛苦工作的王大夫說，在中國，工資低是醫學專業無法吸引最優秀學生的原因之一。

　　A survey last year conducted by MyCos education consultants in Beijing found that the averagemonthly salary for clinical medicine graduates was Rmb2,339 $382 within six months ofgraduation. Average income for all graduates was Rmb3,051 nationwide, with doctors andnurses the lowest.

　　北京麥可思MyCos的教育顧問們去年的一項調查顯示，臨床醫學專業畢業生在畢業半年內的平均月薪為2339元人民幣合382美元。中國畢業生的平均月薪為3051元人民幣，醫生和護士兩種職業墊底。

　　Many doctors complain that disgruntled patients increasingly turn to violence when doctorsare unable to cure their ills, even when there is no mal-practice.

　　許多醫生還抱怨稱，在疾病無法痊癒時，患者用暴力發洩不滿的趨勢上升，哪怕醫生在治療方面並無過錯。

　　A plastic surgery patient used a knife to attack three nurses, one pregnant, in the centralChinese city of Changsha in September. Doctors say they often have to pay out of their ownpocket when patients sue them.

　　今年9月，在華中城市長沙市，一名接受了整容手術的病人持刀砍傷三名護士，其中一名護士懷有身孕。醫生們表示，遇到患者起訴時，他們經常不得不自掏腰包向病人賠償。

　　State media reports that attacks on doctors are becoming more frequent. The average numberof assaults rose to 27.3 per hospital in 2012, compared with 20.6 in 2008, according to aXinhua news agency report, citing a survey from the Chinese Hospital Association. Dr Wangseems resigned to being attacked. “It will happen sooner or later,” he says.

　　中國官方媒體報道稱，患者襲擊醫生事件日益頻繁地發生。新華社援引中國醫院協會Chinese HospitalAssociation的調查稱，2012年平均每家醫院發生27.3起襲醫事件，而2008年的這個數字為20.6件。王醫生看上去對遇襲已經聽天由命了。他說：“這是早晚的事兒。”

　　Xinhua reported that the violence is starting to chase doctors out of the profession: nearly 40per cent of medical personnel surveyed at 316 hospitals nationally from December 2012 to July2013 said they planned to give up their profession because of greater violence in hospitals.

　　新華社報道稱，暴力事件開始讓醫生們考慮改行。2012年12月至2013年7月的調查顯示，在中國各地316家醫院中，近40%的醫務人員曾因襲醫事件日益增多而萌生轉行的念頭。

　　But hospital administrators and medical students point out that the situation is not uniformlybad. In poorer areas where other professions may not be available, the best students arewilling to risk long hours and possible violence to study medicine.

　　但醫院管理者和醫學院學生指出，局面並非全然那麼糟糕。在沒有其他職業選擇的較為貧困的地區，那些最優秀的學生可能仍願意冒長時間工作和遇襲的風險去學醫。

　　Dr Wang says he has embraced the profession he accidentally ended up in. He just wishes thatpatients – Chinese hospital physicians sometimes treat 100-200 a day – would give him abreak.

　　王大夫表示，他已接受了這個自己偶然步入的行業。他只希望，病患們能對他寬容一點。在中國，公立醫院的醫生有時一天要接診一兩百名病人。

　　“When I see so many patients each day how can I smile at them?” he asks, noting ruefully, “they still want me to smile at them”.

　　他問道：“我每天看這麼多病人，這種情況下我怎麼可能還笑得出來?”他遺憾地指出，“他們還要求我面帶微笑”。

　　2

　　藥物研製新工具——“基因剪刀

　　Scientists have come up with a way of developing new drugs by using so-called “genetic scissors”. These are molecules which literally snip out 40 disease genes in order to test new drugs on them. They say that the technique know as crisper will enable them to test new drugs more quickly, cheaply and accurately.

　　We have had a very precise technology to do exactly what we want to do.

　　It’s hoped the technology will speed the development of medicines for a range of illnesses including diabetes, heart disease and many cancers. Another doctor from the European Bioinformatics Institute explains how crisper works.

　　In particular in cancer, what you can do is you can take a cancer cell which you know now has gone wrong. It’s growing inappropriately. And then you can test in a single experiment, you can test every single gene. And so a single experiment will do that for all of them. Previously each one of those will be a projectby itself. And you can not just do that on one cancer line, you’ll do it on maybe five hundred or thousand. And this way you can start to say “Aha, this particular gene is the gene that we should try and build a drug to”. About ninety percent of drugs fail. And there are many points where their failure happens. And this technology allows people to do experiments that are just transformative cuz you can test all the genes at once.

　　And you can find out more about that on the health pages of our website.

　　In 1977, a 27-year old woman Robyn Davidson decided to embark on an epic solo adventure. Her plan was to trek nearly three thousand kilometers across the Australian outback with only four camels and her dog for company. Rick Smolan photographed her trip for the National Geographic magazine. And his pictures are simply stunning. They’ve been republished in his new book Inside Tracks. Rick Smolan spoke to Dan Damon about this extraordinary adventure and how it began.

　　Robyn Davidson when she was 27 years old decided for reasons that she still never shared with anybody. Sheset off on this sort of strange journey alone, 1,700 miles across the Australian outback out to the IndianOcean. So she had four camels and her dog. And no one knew why she was doing it. And I was sent by National Geographic to find her five times during this nine-month journey and to photograph her.

　　It was one of the most uncomfortable journeys anybody could plan for. Here is an image of her covered in flies.

　　3

　　醫學的未來?也許是手機上的一個應用程式

　　We use those in my field of bone marrow transplantation.

　　我們把這些幹細胞用於骨髓移植領域。

　　Geron, just last year, started the first trial using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.

　　傑龍去年開始第一次嘗試用人類的胚胎幹細胞治療脊髓疾病。

　　Still a Phase I trial, but evolving.

　　仍在試驗階段，但是不斷進展。

　　We've been actually using adult stem cells now in clinical trials for about 15 years to approach a whole range of topics, particularly in cardiovascular disease.

　　我們已經應用成體幹細胞在臨床試驗大約15年了,在不同的課題，尤其是心血管病。

　　We take our own bone marrow cells and treat a patient with a heart attack,

　　我們取出自己的骨髓細胞治療心臟病人，

　　we can see much improved heart function and actually better survival using our own bone marrow drive cells after a heart attack.

　　我們可以看到心臟功能改善了並且存活率提高了在心臟病發作後用我們自己的骨髓細胞。

　　I invented a device called the MarrowMiner,a much less invasive way for harvesting bone marrow.

　　我發明了一種裝置叫骨髓採集器MarrowMiner，一種溫和得多的收集骨髓的方式。

　　It's now been FDA approved,and it'll hopefully be on the market in the next year or so.

　　它已經被FDA認證，將會在一兩年內投放市場。

　　Hopefully you can appreciate the device there curving through the patient's body and removing the patient's bone marrow,instead of with 200 punctures, with just a single puncture under local anesthesia.

　　希望你能重視這種裝置,它沿著患者的身體曲線獲取患者的骨髓，以前需要200次穿刺，現在在區域性麻醉的情況下只要一次穿刺。

　　But where is stem cell therapy really going?

　　但是幹細胞治療的前景會怎樣?

　　If you think about it, every cell in your body has the same DNA as you had when you were an embryo.

　　如果你考慮一下，身體裡的每個細胞有同樣的DNA在你還是胚胎的時候就形成了。

　　We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

　　我們現在能重新構造你的面板細胞就像一個多能的胚胎幹細胞,利用這種技術可能治療同一個患者的多個器官制造你自己個人化的幹細胞系。

　　And I think they'll be a new era of your own stem cell banking to have in the freezer your own cardiac cells,myocytes and neural cells to use them in the future, should you need them.

　　我認為這將是你自己幹細胞庫的新時代把你自己的心肌細胞存放在冰箱中，還可以是肌肉細胞和神經細胞在你將來需要它們的時候用。

　　And we're integrating this now with a whole era of cellular engineering,and integrating exponential technologies for essentially 3D organ printing replacing the ink with cells and essentially building and reconstructing a 3D organ.

　　我們現在整合這些技術作為一整個細胞工程學時代。整合指數技術對於3D器官複製,用細胞替代墨水最終重建一個3D器官。

　　That's where things are going to head-still very early days.

　　這是未來的展望;仍然在初始階段。

　　But I think, as integration of exponential technologies,this is the example.

　　但是我認為，作為指數技術整合，這是一個例子。

　　So in close, as you think about technology trends and how to impact health and medicine,we're entering an era of miniaturization,decentralization and personalization.

　　近期，當你考慮技術趨勢怎樣影響健康和醫學，我們正進入小型化分散化和個性化時代。

　　And I think by pulling these things together,if we can start to think about how to understand and leverage these,we're going to empower the patient,enable the doctor, enhance wellness and begin to cure the well before they get sick.

　　我認為把這些特性結合在一起，如果我們能開始思考怎樣瞭解和利用這些技術，我們將會使患者恢復地更好，醫生更有能力，增強福利防患於未然。

　　Because I know as a doctor, if someone comes to me with Stage I disease,I'm thrilled-we can often cure them.

　　因為作為醫生我知道，如果某人在患病初期找到我，我很高興-我們通常能治癒他們。

　　But often it's too late and it's Stage III or IV cancer, for example.

　　但是經常太晚了，比方說癌症3期或者4期。

　　So by leveraging these technologies together,I think we'll enter a new era that I like to call Stage 0 medicine.

　　通過整合這些技術，我認為我們將進入一個新時代我願意叫它零階段醫學。

　　And as a cancer doctor, I'm looking forward to being out of a job.

　　作為一名癌症醫生，我期待失業。

　　Thanks very much.

　　非常感謝。

　　Host: Thank you. Thank you.

　　主持人：謝謝。謝謝。

　　Take a bow. Take a bow.

　　鞠躬。鞠躬。