研究生英語寫作範文

　　研究生考試的時候，我們一定能夠寫好英語作文，如果平時有在努力的話。下面是小編給大家整理的，供大家參閱!

　　：A Rare Fossil Record

　　The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.

　　Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.

　　The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.

　　Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.

　　Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

　　全文翻譯：

　　罕見的化石記錄 胚胎與幼體被儲存下來在化石記錄中是少見的事情。微小纖細的骨骼 通常在石化前就被食腐肉的動物拆散了，或者被風化作用破壞掉了。 魚龍比起陸地的動物 有更大的機率被儲存下來，因為它們作為海洋動物常生活在腐蝕性較小的環境中。 但是它 們的石化需要一系列因素：軟組織的腐爛速度緩慢，很少被其他動物殘食，缺少混雜、沖走 小骨頭的快速水流和波浪，以及相當快地被掩埋。 當這些因素存在時，某些地區就會變成 一個充滿儲存完好的魚龍化石的寶庫。在德國獲爾茲梅登，那兒的沉積物給人們提出了一個 有趣的分析案例。

　　人們在黑色的、含瀝青的海洋頁岩中發現了約 19，000 年前沉積下來的 魚龍化石。 幾年時間內，在這些岩石中取得了數以千計的海洋爬行動物、魚類以及無脊椎 動物的標本。 它們的儲存質量非常的好，但更令人稱奇的是儲存下來的育有胚胎的魚龍化 石數目。 在獲爾茲梅登附近一個小地區的六個不同的頁岩層中分別發現了育有胚胎的魚龍 化石。 這表明大量的魚龍經年累月重複使用一個特定的地點。 那些胚胎已經發育得相當完 整了。 比如，它們的蹼槳已經完全形成了。

　　有一個標本甚至被儲存在產道中。 而且，那 塊頁岩包含著很多在 20 到 30 英寸之間的新生幼體的化石。為什麼在其他地方那麼稀少的懷孕雌獸和幼體在獲爾茲梅登卻那麼多呢? 因為其儲存質量幾乎舉世無雙，採集工作的進行一 直是一絲不苟的。大家都認識到這些化石的價值極其珍貴，但這些因素並不能解釋這個有 趣的問題： 為什麼在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現即將臨產的懷孕魚龍群呢?

　　：The Nobel Academy

　　For the last 82 years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent "what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes." The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.

　　Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.

　　全文翻譯：

　　諾貝爾委員會

　　過去的 82 年裡，瑞典的諾貝爾委員會決定了誰將獲得諾貝爾文學獎，因此也就決定了 誰將從偉大或近乎偉大榮升為不朽。

　　但在今天，該委員會卻遭到了評選委員會內外的猛烈 批評。 批評者們爭論說："評選獲獎者時，起作用更大的不是真實的寫作能力，而是該委員 會以及瑞典特有的內部政治。 按照瑞典兩家主要報紙之一的文化版編輯 Ingmar Bjorksten 的說法，該文學獎仍然是"人們所說的一種非常瑞典式的做為：反映瑞典口味"。對於其評選 過程中目光短淺的指責，該委員會辯護說，該委員會與世界幾大文學之都相距遙遠，實際上 使該委員會免受外來的干擾。

　　這也許是對的，但批評者們反駁說，也正因為相距如此遙遠， 該委員會才不能準確地把握文學界的真正趨勢。儘管對評選程式存在著關注，該文學獎將繼 續作為世人最為推崇的文學的標誌而存在，並將繼續是作家們難以達到卻又會不斷追逐的目 標。 如果不考慮其他因素，而僅僅考慮與之俱來的經濟利益，該獎也將繼續為人所渴求：

　　這不僅因為該獎本身就是一筆可觀的現金收入，而且該獎還將極大地增加一個作家的著作的 銷量。

　　：The War between Britain and France

　　In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonists' goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe. This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain's efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties, Britain built coalitions not dissimilar in concept to today's NATO guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths: France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships.

　　Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow to Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.

　　French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain's superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer

　　forces. Napoleon never lost sight of his goal, because Britain represented the last substantial　impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.

　　全文翻譯：

　　英法戰爭

　　在 18 世紀後期，戰爭爆發於歐洲大陸的幾乎每一個角落，在中東、南非、西印度群島、 拉丁美洲亦都是如此。

　　然而實際上，在這一時期只有一場主要的戰爭，那就是英法之間的 戰爭。 所有其他戰爭都服從於這一更大的爭端，至少是與這兩個對手的目標和戰略有某些 關聯。

　　法國力圖統治整個歐洲，而英國的自主及其力圖在整個歐洲大陸挫敗拿破崙的種種 努力都是法國實現這一目標的障礙。英國通過條約建立了聯盟和今天北約的概念沒有什麼 不同以保證英國插手所有歐洲的主要爭端。

　　這兩個對頭並不是一對好對手，因為他們的力 量極不均衡：法蘭西在陸地上稱王，英格蘭則在海上稱霸。 法國人明白，如果不能擊敗英 國海軍，他們勝利的唯一希望就是讓歐洲的所有港口都對英國艦船關閉。 於是，法國將其軍事佔領從莫斯科延伸到里斯本，從尤特蘭延伸到卡拉布里亞，企圖以此來制服英國。 所 有這些行動包含著巨大的風險，因為法國並不具備足夠的軍事資源，來控制這麼多地盤，同 時又能保護自己，維持國內的秩序。法國戰略家們的算盤是，其海軍若擁有 150 艘軍艦，則 將足以擊跨英國海軍。 這樣的武力將使法國對英國具有 3 比 2 的優勢。 這種優勢被認為是 必不可少的，因為英國人具有超群的海上技能和技術，並且打的是一場防禦戰爭，使它能以 少勝多。

　　拿破崙從未忘卻他的目標，因為英國是他統治全歐的最後一個重大的障礙。 隨著 他的力量越來越靠近這個目標，拿破崙變得越來越不耐煩起來，開始策劃立即攻擊。

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