用英語說中國史前文化

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　　：General 概況

　　The Prehistory Culture

　　史前文化

　　General

　　概況

　　So far, Prehistoric cultures of different types have been found in all parts of China,

　　到目前為止，不同種類的史前文化在中國各地都已被發現，

　　among which Yangshao Culture, Dawenkou Culture, Hemudu Culture, Banpo Culture, Longshan Culture, and Majiayao Culture are of the greatest.

　　其中最重要的有仰韶文化、大汶口文化、河姆渡文化、半坡文化、龍山文化和馬家窯文化。

　　：The Yangshao Culture 仰韶文化

　　The Prehistory Culture

　　史前文化

　　The Yangshao Culture

　　仰韶文化

　　The Yangshao culture was a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the central Yellow River in China.

　　仰韶文化是在中國廣泛存在黃河中部的一種新石器文化。

　　The Yangshao people lived in round or rectangular houses in the mountainous regions that were below ground level and surrounded by little walls of earth.

　　仰韶人生活在圓形的或矩形的房子裡，這些房子建在地平面以下的山區並被土質的小圍牆所包圍。

　　They cultivated millet extensively, some villages also cultivated wheat or rice.

　　仰韶人大量種植粟，一些村莊也會種小麥和水稻。

　　They kept such animals as pigs and dogs, as well as sheep, goats, and cattle, but much of their meat came from hunting and fishing.

　　他們既養豬和狗，也養綿羊、山羊和牛，但是他們獲取肉的主要來源是打獵和捕魚。

　　Their stone tools were polished and highly specialized.

　　他們的石頭工具是經過打磨而且高度專業化的。

　　The Yangshao people may also have practiced an early form of silkworm cultivation.

　　仰韶人可能還進行了早期形式的蠶養殖。

　　Especially note worthy was their gray or red pottery, so the Yangshao Culture, also referred to as the “Painted Pottery” Culture.

　　最值得一提的是他們的灰陶和紅陶，正因如此，仰韶文化還被稱為“彩陶文化”。

　　　：Dawenkou Culture 大汶口文化

　　The Prehistory Culture

　　史前文化

　　Dawenkou Culture

　　大汶口文化

　　Traces of this culture were first discovered in 1959 along the Dawenhe River near Dawenkou Town of Tai'an Country, and Baotou Village of Ningy- ang County in Shandong Province.

　　大汶口文化的蹤跡1959年時在山東泰安市大汶口村附近的大汶口河以及寧陽縣堡頭村被首次發現。

　　Most of the remnants lie around Mount Tai,

　　大部分遺蹟依泰山而存，

　　reaching as far as the southern coast of the Bohai Sea in the north, Jiangsu Province in the south,

　　北達渤海南岸，南至江蘇省，

　　the eastern line of the Western Plains of Shandong Province in the west, and the coast of the Yellow Sea in the East.

　　西至山東省西部平原的東線，東至黃河沿岸。

　　So far, over 200 remains have been discovered and more than 10 sites mainly tombs unearthed.

　　目前為止，超過200件遺蹟已被發現，超過10座遺址主要為墓穴被髮掘。

　　Researchers have revealed that the culture lasted mainly from 4300 B.C. to 2500 B.C.

　　研究者發現大汶口文化主要從公元前4300年持續到公元前2500年。

　　Ancestors of Dawenkou Culture had polished stoneware as their major production implements,

　　大汶口文化的祖先打磨石器以作為他們主要的生產工具，

　　including a large number of exquisite tools of bone, horn and tooth.

　　其中包括很多精緻的由骨頭、角和牙齒製成的工具。

　　Pottery for everyday use was mainly red clay pottery and red sand pottery.

　　每一天使用的陶器主要為紅土陶和紅砂陶。

　　There were gray pottery, black pottery and a small amount of white hard pottery, and colored pottery as well.

　　同時也有灰陶、黑陶和一小部分的白瓷和彩陶。

　　During this period, production developed from manual work to wheel work.

　　在這段時期，生產從手工工作進化為機械工作。

　　Refined pottery art crafts came into being.

　　精緻的陶藝工藝產生了。

　　Agriculture constituted their chief economic activity, while fishing and hunting were subsidiary activities.

　　農業構成了人們主要的經濟活動，捕魚和打獵成為了附屬的活動。

　　Stockbreeding, such as pig, dog, cow, and chicken raising, were rather developed.

　　畜牧業，比如豬、狗、奶牛和雞的養殖也在發展。

　　The handicraft industry of Dawenkou culture had separated itself gradually from agriculture and existed all by itself.

　　大汶口文化中的手工業使其逐漸脫離農業並形成了自己的文化。

　　The sharp contrast between the rich and the poor was becoming more and more obvious.

　　貧富之間的對比越來越明顯。

　　In the late period, there appeared the co-burial of men and women, which marked the social transition from the matriarchy to the patrilineal.

　　在其文化的最後一段時期出現了男女合葬，而這標著著社會又母系向父系的過渡。