大學英語六級巔峰閱讀附答案詳解

　　下面是小編整理的，希望對大家有幫助。

　　American Football

　　American football is a unique sport-it is a game about gaining territory as much as it is aboutscoring points. When two teams step onto a football field,each is battling for every inch it cantake from the other.Each team wants to defend the field that is behind it and invade the fieldin front of it. Ultimately,they want to gain enough ground to score a touchdown or field goal.

　　Ground Rules

　　Football is a game of inches played on a field measured in yards-English measurements areused to track movements on the field.Teams succeed based on how many yards theyaccumulate or allow. An official NFL National Football League football field is a rectangle thatis 120 yards110 m long and 53 yards. I foot 49m wide. Most fields are covered in grass andset in an outdoor open-air} stadium. Some fields are made of artificial turf, which you'll find inmany of the indoor stadiums.

　　The most essential piece of equipment in a football game is the ball.Official NFL footballs arehandmade by Wilson Sporting Goods Co. The football is an oblong 橢圓形的 sphere and has alengthwise circumference周線 and a width-wise circumference in the middle of the ball.

　　With the equipment identified and the field set, we can now play a game.An NFL game isdivided into four quarters with an extended halftime break between quarters two and three.Each quarter is 15 minutes long. lf the teams are tied after four quarters of play,they play anadditional overtime period of 15 minutes. Inthe overtime, the first team to score wins.

　　While the game time adds up to one hour, it usually takes three to four hours to play a game.Teams can stop the clock by running out of bounds,throwing an incomplete pass, or calling atime-out, of which they have three per half. Time also stops for each of the two-minutewarnings, observed two minutes prior to the end of the second and fourth quarters.

　　Who's Who

　　An NFL roster allows for no more than 53 players on a team. At any one time, only 11 playersper team are allowed on the field. To understand an NFL roster, you have to identify thethree teams within a team: theoffense. the defense and special teams. Each of these groupshas specialized positions with a specific setof skills.

　　Offense

　　A team's offense is responsible for taking the ball down the field toward its opponent's endzone. To do this. the offense throws the ball from one player to another or holds the ball andruns forward. Here are the basic offensive positions.

　　Quarterback QB-This player throws the ball to receivers or hands it off to running backs. Thequarterback is also known as the "field general,"because he's the on-the-field leader.

　　Offensive linemen-These players provide blocking for the quarterback and running backs.Individual linemanpositions include:

　　Center C-The center is located in the middle of the line. This player hikes the ball to thequarterback by bringing the ball up between his legs.

　　Guards LG/RG-These two players flank the center.

　　Tackles LT/RT-The tackles are positioned on the outside of each guard;teams have twotackles.

　　Receivers-Receivers run down the field and catch balls thrown by the quarterback. Receivers areeither wide receivers WR or tight ends LTE/RTE.depending on where they are positioned onthe field.

　　Running backs-Running backs take the ball from the quarterback and run up the field.Depending on the fomation arrangement of the offensive players, a running back might becalled a tailback TB, halfback HB or fullback FB.

　　Defense

　　When a team does not have possession of the ball, it is on defense and uses various methodsto prevent theother team's offense from scoring. These players must tackle the offensiveplayer who has the ball to stopthe offense from advancing.Defense will also try to take the ballaway from the offense.

　　Here are the basic defensive positions:

　　Defensive linemen-The linemen put pressure on the quarterback by trying to tackle him beforehe releases the ball. They also try to stop running backs.There are typically three or fourdefensive linemen.

　　Linebackers-When there are four linemen, there is a middle linebackerMLB and two outsidelinebackers OLB. When there are three linemen. there are two inside linebackers ILB and twooutside linebackers. Their job is to back up the linemen. as well as contain runners and coverreceivers on some plays.

　　Cornerbacks CB-The cornerbacks prevent the wide receivers from catching the ball bybreaking up passes from the quarterback.

　　Safeties-The safeties play deep behind the rest of the defense to prevent a long pass or run.A strong safety SS lines up on the side of the field where there are more offensive players.The free safety FS plays a deep, middle position.

　　Special Teams

　　If a team has to kick the ball, it uses its special-teams unit. This unit includes the team'skickers, theoffensive line, and players who run down the field to tackle a returnersee below.

　　Placekicker-The placekicker kicks the ball through the goalposts to score points and kicks theball to theother team to start the game and after each scoring possession.

　　Punter-The punter free-kicks the ball if his team cannot advance the ball down the field.

　　Returner-During a kickoff or punt, the returner tries to catch the ball and return it as far as hecan. A player can score a touchdown on a rcturn.

　　Moving the Ball and Finding the End Zone

　　A football game begins with a coin toss to decide which team will receive the opening kickoff.From the opening kickoff, the two teams battle to take possession of the ball. Possessionmeans that a team's offensive unit has the ball.

　　A team can take possession of the ball in several ways:

　　Receiving a kickoff-A team receives a kickoff at the beginning of each half and after the otherteam scores.

　　Turnover-A team recovers a ball dropped by the other team fumbleor picks off a ball thrownby the other team's quarterback interception.

　　Safety-A player is tackled in his own end zone, meaning the end zone his team is defending, sothe other team gets the ball though a free kick.

　　Punt-The defensive team stops the offensive team from getting 10 yards in three downs, andthe offensive team free-kicks, or punts, the ball to the other team on third down.

　　Turnover on downs-The offensive team fails to advance the ball lO yands in four downs andhas to surrenderthe ball to the other team.

　　For those new to the sport the last two scenarios on this list may not make sense. One of themost confusing concepts of American-style football is the down-and-distance system. Everytime a team takes possessionof the ball, it is given a set of four downs, or attempts, to movethe ball l0 yards. If the team can movethe ball lO yards or more Within four downs, the teamgets another set of four downs to go another l0 yards, and so on. For instance, if a teamadvances 3 yards on first down, the next play is second down with 7 yards to go second and7; if the team then advances 5 yards on second down, the next play is third and 2; if the teamthen advances 2 or more yards on third down, the next play is back to first and lO, wich awhole new set of four downs during which to advance the ball.

　　美國橄欖球

　　美國橄欖球是一項獨特的運動，它是一種以攻佔陣地得分的比賽。兩隊隊員進入球場，每一隊都會盡量堅守自己的每寸陣地不讓對方攻入。每個隊都想既能防守住自己的後方陣地又能攻入對方的前線陣地。最後，他們都想攻佔足夠的陣地以求達陣得分或射門得分。

　　基本規則

　　橄欖球是在以碼計算的場地上進行的寸土必爭的“英寸遊戲”，採用英式度量單位來測量場上的活動。[l]比賽的勝負由球隊累積的或推進的碼數來決定。一個正式的NFL美國全國橄欖球聯盟球場是一個120碼l1O米長，53碼l英尺49米寬的長方形。大多數場地都建在戶外的露天的體育場上，地上植有草坪。一些場地植的是人造草皮。這種草皮在很多室內體育場非常普遍。

　　一場橄欖球比賽最必要的器材是橄欖球。正式的NFL橄欖球是由威爾遜體育用品公司手工製作的。橄欖球是一個橢圓形的球體，球的中間標有縱向的和橫向的周長線。

　　有了器材和場地，我們就可以進行一場比賽了。NFL的比賽分成4節，在第2節和第3節之間有中場休息。每節持續15分鐘。如果全場4節打成平局，就再打l5分鐘的加時賽。[2]在加時賽中，先得分者獲勝。

　　雖然比賽時間總計一個小時。但打一場比賽通常都要花上3到4個小時。球隊可能因為球出界、傳球未完成或呼叫暫停而暫時中止比賽計時。[3]每隊每半場允許3次暫停。半場和終場結束前兩分鐘，裁判會吹哨子叫暫停以提醒比賽時間，這也會導致比賽計時的停止。

　　球員角色分配

　　NFL規定各隊比賽大名單上的球員不能超過53名。任何時候，每個隊都只能有11名球員上場。[4]為了瞭解NFL的比賽大名單，你必須要識別每個球隊裡的3組球員：進攻組、防守組和特勤組。各組在比賽時都有專門的位置，各自也有一套專門的技能。

　　進攻

　　球隊的進攻組負責將球帶到對方的終極戰區，為了做到這一點，進攻球員要將球從一名隊員手中傳到另一名隊員手中，或者抱著球向前衝。這是基本的進攻方位：

　　四分衛QB——四分衛隊員負責把球傳給接球手或跑鋒。[5]四分衛也被稱為“賽場上的主帥”，因為他是賽場上的指揮者。

　　進攻踐員——這些隊員負責阻止對方對四分衛和跑鋒的截殺。各個線員的位置包括：

　　[6]中鋒C——中鋒站在對陣線的中間位置，常常是從兩腿間將球傳給四分衛。

　　中衛LG/RG——左右中衛分別位於中鋒的兩側。

　　擒衛LT/RT——擒衛位於每個中衛的外圍;每個球隊有2名擒衛。

　　接球手——接球手負責在場中跑動以接住四分衛傳出的球。接球手可以連外接手WR也可以是邊鋒LTE/RTE，這取決於他們在場上的位置。

　　跑鋒——跑鋒負責從四分衛那裡接到進球后進行特定的跑動。根據進攻隊員的陣式排列，跑鋒可以叫做後跑鋒TB、半跑鋒HB或者全跑鋒FB。

　　防守

　　一個隊手上沒有球時，它就需要防守，運用各種各樣的方法阻止對方的進攻得分。這些隊員必須阻截對方帶球的進攻隊員前進。防守隊員也將努力從對方進攻隊員那裡搶球。

　　這是基本的防守方位：

　　防守線衛——防守線衛在對方的四分衛將球傳出前儘量對其進行阻截以便給他施加壓力。他們也會盡量地對跑鋒進行攔截。一個隊通常有3或4個防守線衛。

　　線後衛——有4個防守線衛的時候，就有1箇中線衛MLB和2個外線衛OLB。有3個防守線衛時，就有2個內線衛ILB和2個外線衛。他們的任務是支援防守線衛，以及在某些情況下隨著進攻方外接手跑動，阻止外接手成功接球。

　　角衛CB-角衛通過攔截對方四分衛的傳球以阻止外接手成功接球。

　　安全衛——[7]安全衛安置在防守線的最後以防止長距離的傳球或跑動。強衛SS在對方進攻球員更多的地方列陣。遊衛FS則在靠近外場線的中間位置活動。

　　特勤組

　　如果一個隊要開始踢球了，它就會使用它的特勤組成員。這個組包括踢球手、發球手，以及在場上跑動攔截回攻員的球員見以下說明。

　　射手-[8]射手負責將球踢進球門得分，以及在每次得分後開球。

　　棄踢員——棄踢員在本隊無法推動球前進的情況下自由踢球。

　　回攻員——在開球或棄踢球的時候，回攻員會試圖搶球然後儘快進行回攻。球員在回攻的時候可能會達陣得分。

　　帶球找到終極戰區

　　[9]一場橄欖球比賽開始時以擲硬幣來決定哪一隊先開球。一開球，兩隊就對球的佔有權進行爭奪。對球的佔有權意味這球在該隊的進攻組手上。

　　球隊可以以幾種方式取得對球的佔有權：

　　得到開球權——球隊在每半場開始時和對方隊得分後取得開球權。

　　對方失誤——球隊重新搶到對方掉在地上的球失球或是接到對方四分衛擲出的球搶球。

　　安全——球員在本方極陣也就是他所在的球隊要防守的區域被擒殺，因此對方球隊就可白白得球。

　　棄踢——防守組使對方進攻組在3次進攻之後都不能將球推進10碼，對方在第3次進攻後隨意將球踢開，或棄踢球。

　　進攻權換手——[10]進攻方在4次進攻後都不能將球推進1O碼.不得不將球讓給對方。

　　對於那些對這項運動不熟悉的人來說，這個條目上的最後兩種情況可能沒有什麼意義。美式橄欖球最令人困惑的概念之一就是進攻機會——距離系統。每當一個隊取得對球的佔有權時，它就會得到4次可能將球推進10碼的進攻機會。如果球隊能在這4次進攻球成功推進10碼或超過10碼，該隊就可以得到可能將球再推進10碼的新一檔的4次進攻機會，如此推進。例如，一隊在第l次進攻中前進了3碼,下一次進攻也就是第2次進攻還需前進7碼2進7;如果該隊在第2次進攻中推進了5碼，那麼下一次進攻也就是第3次進攻就還要推進2碼;如果在第3次進攻中推進2碼或超過2碼，下一次進攻就回到l進10，進入另一檔的4次進攻，繼續將球向前推進。

　　1.The success of a team is measured by means of_______________________.

　　A the yards it gains

　　B the field goals it scores

　　C the strategy it uses

　　D the touchdowns it scores

　　2.When the teams need to play the overtime period,the teamthat__________________wins.

　　A gains more ground

　　B gets more touchdowns

　　C scores before the other

　　D gets the first penalty kick

　　3.How many timeouts are the teams allowed to have?

　　A Two for each quarter.

　　B Three for each half.

　　C Three for each quarter.

　　D Two for each half.

　　4.What is included in an NFL roster?

　　A All the players on the team.

　　B The substitute players and coaches.

　　C Only the players allowed on the field.

　　D The offense,the defense and special teams.

　　5.The role of the on-the-field leader is played by ______________________.

　　A a receiver

　　B a quarterback

　　C a running back

　　D an offensive lineman

　　6.Usually, offensive linemen consist of at least_______________players.

　　A three

　　B four

　　C five

　　D six

　　7.In the defense team, the deepest defensive position is playedby_________________.

　　A defensive linemen

　　B linebackers

　　C cornerbacks

　　D safeties

　　8.Kicking a ball through the goalposts to gain points is the responsibilityof____________________.

　　9.The right of a team's opening kickoff is usually determinedby___________________.

　　lO.The offensive team will lose possession of the ball if it fails to gain lO yardsin__________________.

　　1.[定位]根據題幹中的success查詢到第1個小標題Ground Rules部分的首段第2句。

　　解析：原文中的based on...表明判斷一個隊伍成功與否的標準是什麼，因此based on後的介詞賓語為本題答案。其他三個選項在該段均未提及。

　　2.[C][定位]根據題幹中的overtime查詢到第1個小標題Ground Rules部分的第3段末句。

　　解析：選項C是對原文該句的同義改寫，為本題答案。其他選項與overtime period的內容無關，且在該段也未提及。

　　3.[B][定位]根據題幹中的timeouts查詢到第1個小標題Ground Rules部分的第4段第2句。

　　解析：原文該句句末的非限制性定語從句表明本題應選B。其他選項均無原文依據。

　　4.[D][定位]根據題幹中的NFL roster查詢到第2個小標題Who's Who部分的首段。

　　解析：在四個選項中，只有選項B沒有原文依據，其他三個選項均可在原文找到部分或全部詞語。其中，選項A不正確，因為一個橄欖球隊的全體隊員可能超過53人，但根據該段首句，roster裡只能包括最多53個球員的名字，由此可見，選項A與原文不符;選項C中的only顯然過於絕對，與該段首句不符;原文該段第3句暗示不論roster裡面有多少成員名字，肯定得包括the offense，the defense and special teams，由此可見，選項D為本題答案。本題也可通過對比選項和原文，看看哪個選項與原文重合度最高，由此也可確定選項D為本題答案。

　　5.[B][定位]根據題幹中的on-the-field leader查詢到第2個小標題Who's Who部分的次標題Offense下第2段末句。

　　解析：只要根據題眼定位原文，不難發現選項B為本題答案。

　　6.[C][定位]根據題幹中的offensive linemen查詢到第2個小標題Who's Who部分的次標題Offense下第3段。

　　解析：原文該段逐一介紹了各個offensive linemen的位置，以及每個位置人員的分配情況，只要將裡面提到的數字簡單相加：1個center+2個guards+2個tackles=5個，即可得出本題答案為選項C。

　　7.[D][定位]根據題幹中的deepest查詢到第2個小標題Who's Who部分的次標題Defense下末段首句。

　　解析：根據題幹中的defense一詞可將搜尋範圍限定於第2個小標題下，然後逐一在各個段落尋找與deep有關的資訊，不難發現題幹中的the deepest defensive position與原文deep behind the rest of thedefense同義，因此本題應選D。

　　8.[placekickers]

　　[定位]根據題幹中的Kicking等詞查詢到第2個小標題Who's Who部分的次標題Special Teams下第2段。

　　解析：空白此應為名詞片語。題幹中的kick和goalposts只能同時在第2個小標題Who's Who部分的次標題Special Teams下第2段有關placekickers的段落找到，因此可以確定placekickers為本題答案。

　　9.[a coin toss]

　　[定位]根據題幹中的opening kickoff查詢到第3個小標題Moving the Ball and Finding the End Zone部分的首段首句。

　　解析：空白處應為名詞片語或現在分詞片語。原文該句中的with a coin toss to decide...表明開球權由a coin toss決定，因此，本題答案為a coin toss。

　　10.[four downs]

　　[定位]根據題幹中的possession等詞查詢到倒數第2段。

　　解析：空白處應為名詞片語，作in的賓語。題幹中的lose possession of the ball與原文該段中的surrender the ball to the other team同義，由此可見，該句介紹了在什麼情況下進攻的隊伍將失去控球權，這正是本題要求查詢的內容，因此原文中in後的介詞賓語four downs為本題答案。