英語文章的開頭和結尾

　　語言是人們用來交流的工具,作文則是對學生是否很好地掌握了這一交流工具而作的一項重要測試。下面是小編帶來的，歡迎閱讀!

　　1

　　Chapter One 文章開頭句型

　　1-1 對立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然後提出自己的看法或者偏向於某一看法,

　　適用於有爭議性的主題.

　　例如***e.g***

　　[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.

　　[2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but ***I tend to the profer/latter ...***

　　[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....

　　1-2 現象法 引出要剖析的現象或者問題, 然後評論 .

　　e.g

　　[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/***phenomenon of*** ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.

　　[2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. *** has been brouth to public attention***

　　[3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.

　　----- To be continued !!

　　1-3 觀點法 ----開門見山,直接了當地提出自己對要討論的問題的看法.

　　e.g:

　　[1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. benn more visible/popular than...

　　[2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/***be aware*** that...

　　[3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......

　　[4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......

　　1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 來引出文章要展開論述的觀點!

　　e.g:

　　[1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .

　　"Education is not complete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.

　　[2]."........." How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this .

　　In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......".

　　1-5 比較法 ------ 通過對過去,現在 兩種不同的傾向,觀點的比較 , 引出文章要討論的觀點.

　　e.g:

　　[1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... .

　　[2]. People used to think that ... ***In the past, ....*** But people now share this new.

　　1-6 故事法 ---- 先講一個較短的故事來引發讀者的興趣, 引出文章的主題.

　　e.g:

　　[1]. Once in ***a newspaper*** , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern.

　　[2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.

　　[3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be ***unbelievable*** , but it still has a realistic significance now.

　　1-8 問題法 ----- 先用討論或解答的設問, 引出自己觀點, 適用於有爭議性的話題.

　　Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...

　　But in my opinion , ...... .

　　Chapter 2 文章中間主體內容句型

　　原因結果分析

　　3-1-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物時, 用此句型說明其基本的或者多方面的原因.

　　e.g:

　　[1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ...

　　[2]. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ...

　　[3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to ....

　　3-1-2 另一原因 --------> 在分析了基本原因之後, 再補充一個次要的或者更重要時用!

　　e.g:

　　[1]. Another important factor is ....

　　[2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem.

　　[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....

　　3-1-3 後果影響 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的後果或者帶來的影響 .

　　e.g: [1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....

　　[2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........

　　比較對照句型

　　3-2-1. 兩者比較 ---> 比較兩事物, 要說出其一超過另一個, 或肯定一事物的優點, 也肯定其缺點的時候用 !

　　e.g:

　　[1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.

　　[2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.

　　[3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.

　　3-2-2 . 兩者相同/相似 ------> 比較兩事物共同都有或者共同都沒有的特點時用!

　　e.g: [1]. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that.....

　　[2]. A bears some sriking resemblance***s*** to B.

　　Chapter 3 文章結尾形式

　　2-1 結論性--------- 通過對文章前面的討論 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及觀點 .

　　e.g:

　　[1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .....

　　[2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .......

　　2-2 後果性------ 揭示所討論的問題若不解決, 將產生的嚴重後果.

　　e.g:

　　[1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......

　　[2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put in danger. 2-3 號召性 -------- 呼籲讀者行動起來, 採取行動或提請注意.

　　e.g:

　　[1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of ......

　　[2]. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.

　　2-4 建議性 -------- 對所討論的問題提出建議性的意見, 包括建議和具體的解決問題的方法.

　　[1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....

　　[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.

　　2-5 方向性的結尾方式 ---- 其與建議性的唯一差別就是對問題解決提出總的, 大體的方向或者指明前景. e.g:

　　[1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .

　　[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/benefical.

　　[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........

　　2--6 意義性的結尾方式 --------> 文章結尾的時候,從更高的更新的角度指出所討論的問題的重要性以及其深遠的意義!

　　e.g:

　　[1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit .....

　　[2]. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..

　　3

　　開頭萬能公式

　　1. 開頭萬能公式一：名人名言

　　有人問了，“我沒有記住名言，怎麼辦?尤其是英語名言?”，很好辦：編!

　　原理：我們看到的東西很多都是創造出來的，包括我們欣賞的文章也是，所以儘管編，但是一定要聽起來很有道理呦!而且沒準將來我們就是名人呢!對吧?

　　經典句型：

　　A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” ***適用於已記住的名言***

　　It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. ***適用於自編名言***

　　更多經典句型：

　　As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

　　2. 開頭萬能公式二：數字統計

　　原理：要想更有說服力，就應該用實際的數字來說明。

　　原則上在議論文當中十不應該出現虛假數字的，可是在考試的時候哪管那三七二十一，但編無妨，只要我有東西寫就萬事大吉了。所以不妨試用下面的句型：

　　According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.

　　看起來這個數字文鄒鄒的，其實都是編造出來的，下面隨便幾個題目我們都可以這樣編造：

　　Honesty：根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，大學生向老師請假的理由當中78%都是假的。

　　Travel by Bike：根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，85%的人在近距離旅行的時候首選的交通工具是自行車。

　　Youth：根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，在某個大學，學生的課餘時間的70%都是在休閒娛樂。

　　Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根據最近的一項統計調查顯示，98%的人同意每週五天工作日。

　　更多句型：

　　A recent statistics shows that …

　　結尾萬能公式

　　1. 結尾萬能公式一：如此結論

　　說完了，畢竟要歸納一番，相信各位都有這樣的經歷，領導長篇大論，到最後終於冒出個“總而言之”之類的話，我們馬上停止開小差，等待領導說結束語。也就是說，開頭很好，也必然要有一個精彩的結尾，讓讀者眼前一亮，這樣，你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子：

　　Obviously***此為過渡短語***, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

　　如果讀者很難“顯而見之”，但說無妨，就當讀者的眼光太淺罷了!

　　更多過渡短語：

　　to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

　　更多句型：

　　Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…

　　2. 結尾萬能公式二：如此建議

　　如果說“如此結論”是結尾最沒用的廢話，那麼“如此建議”應該是最有價值的廢話了，因為這裡雖然也是廢話，但是卻用了一個很經典的虛擬語氣的句型。拽!

　　Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.

　　這裡的虛擬語氣用得很經典，因為考官本來經常考這個句型，而如果我們自己寫出來，你說考官會怎麼想呢?

　　更多句型：

　　Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.

　　Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.

　　3

　　結尾萬能公式：

　　1. 結尾萬能公式一：如此結論

　　說完了，畢竟要歸納一番，相信各位都有這樣的經歷，領導長篇大論，到最後終於冒出個“總而言之”之類的話，我們馬上停止開小差，等待領導說結束語。也就是說，開頭很好，也必然要有一個精彩的結尾，讓讀者眼前一亮，這樣，你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子： Obviously***此為過渡短語***, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

　　如果讀者很難“顯而見之”，但說無妨，就當讀者的眼光太淺罷了!

　　更多過渡短語：

　　to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

　　更多句型：

　　Thus, it can be concluded that„, Therefore, we can find that„

　　2. 結尾萬能公式二：如此建議

　　如果說“如此結論”是結尾最沒用的廢話，那麼“如此建議”應該是最有價值的廢話了，因為這裡雖然也是廢話，但是卻用了一個很經典的虛擬語氣的句型。拽!

　　Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 這裡的虛擬語氣用得很經典，因為考官本來經常考這個句型，而如果我們自己寫出來，你說考官會怎麼想呢?

　　更多句型：

　　Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.

　　Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 寫作的“七項基本原則”：

　　一、 長短句原則

　　工作還得一張一馳呢，老讓讀者讀長句，累死人!寫一個短小精闢的句子，相反，卻可以起到畫龍點睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題： As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

　　如此可見，長短句結合，抑揚頓挫，豈不爽哉?牢記!

　　強烈建議：在文章第一段***開頭***用一長一短，且先長後短;在文章主體部分，要先用一個短句解釋主要意思，然後在闡述幾個要點的時候採用先短後長的句群形式，定會讓主體部分妙筆生輝!文章結尾一般用一長一短就可以了。

　　二、 主題句原則

　　國有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否則會給人造成“群龍無首”之感!相信各位讀過一些破爛文學，故意把主體隱藏在文章之內，結果造成我們稀裡糊塗!不知所云!所以奉勸各位一定要寫一個主題句，放在文章的開頭***保險型***或者結尾，讓讀者一目瞭然，必會平安無事!

　　特別提示：隱藏主體句可是要冒險的!

　　To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam***主題句***. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

　　三、 一二三原則

　　領導講話總是第一部分、第一點、第二點、第三點、第二部分、第一點„ 如此羅嗦。可畢竟還是條理清楚。考官們看文章也必然要通過這些關鍵性的“標籤”來判定你的文章是否結構清楚，條理自然。破解方法很簡單，只要把下面任何一組的詞彙加入到你的幾個要點前就清楚了。

　　1***first, second, third, last***不推薦，原因：俗***

　　2***firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally***不推薦，原因：俗***

　　3***the first, the second, the third, the last***不推薦，原因：俗***

　　4***in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly***不推薦，原因：俗***

　　5***to begin with, then, furthermore, finally***強烈推薦***

　　6***to start with, next, in addition, finally***強烈推薦***

　　7***first and foremost, besides, last but not least***強烈推薦***

　　8***most important of all, moreover, finally

　　9***on the one hand, on the other hand***適用於兩點的情況***

　　10***for one thing, for another thing***適用於兩點的情況***

　　建議：不僅僅在寫作中注意，平時說話的時候也應該條理清楚!

　　四、短語優先原則

　　寫作時，尤其是在考試時，如果使用短語，有兩個好處：其一、用短語會使文章增加亮點，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡單，看不到一個自己不認識的短語，必然會看你低一等。

　　相反，如果發現亮點—精彩的短語，那麼你的文章定會得高分了。其二、關鍵時刻思維短路，只有湊字數，怎麼辦?用短語是一個辦法!比如：

　　I cannot bear it.

　　可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it.

　　I want it.

　　可以用短語表達：I am looking forward to it.

　　這樣字數明顯增加，表達也更準確。

　　五、多實少虛原則

　　原因很簡單，寫文章還是應該寫一些實際的東西，不要空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實詞，少用虛詞。我這裡所說的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說一個很好的時候，不應該之說nice這樣空洞的詞，應該使用一些諸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之類的形象詞。再比如：

　　走出房間，general的詞是：walk out of the room

　　但是小偷走出房間應該說：slip out of the room

　　小姐走出房間應該說：sail out of the room

　　小孩走出房間應該說：dance out of the room

　　老人走出房間應該說：stagger out of the room

　　所以多用實詞，少用虛詞，文章將會大放異彩!

　　六、多變句式原則

　　1***加法***串聯***

　　都希望寫下很長的句子，像個老外似的，可就是怕寫錯，怎麼辦，最保險的寫長句的方法就是這些，可以在任何句子之間加and, 但最好是前後的句子又先後關係或者並列關係。比如說：

　　I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.

　　如果是二者並列的，我們可以用一個超級句式：

　　Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

　　其它的短語可以用：

　　besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

　　2***轉折***拐彎抹角***

　　批評某人缺點的時候，我們總習慣先拐彎抹角說說他的優點，然後轉入正題，再說缺點，這種方式雖然陰險了點，可畢竟還比較容易讓人接受。所以呢，我們說話的時候，只要在要點之前先來點廢話，注意二者之間用個專這次就夠了。

　　The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

　　The coat was thin, but it was warm.

　　更多的短語：

　　despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

　　3***因果***so, so, so***

　　昨天在街上我看到了一個女孩，然後我主動搭訕，然後我們去咖啡廳，然後我們認識了，然後我們成為了朋友„可見，講故事的時候我們總要追求先後順序，先什麼，後什麼，所以然後這個詞就變得很常見了。其實這個詞表示的是先後或因果關係!

　　The snow began to fall, so we went home.

　　更多短語：

　　then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

　　4***失衡句***頭重腳輕，或者頭輕腳重***

　　有些人腦袋大，身體小，或者有些人腦袋小，身體大，雖然我們不希望長成這個樣子，可如果真的是這樣了，也就必然會吸引別人的注意力。文章中如果出現這樣的句子，就更會讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實就是主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句的變形。 舉例：This is what I can do.

　　Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

　　同樣主語、賓語、表語可以改成如下的複雜成分：

　　When to go, Why he goes away„

　　5***附加***多此一舉***

　　如果有了老婆，總會遇到這樣的情況，當你再講某個人的時候，她會插一句說，我昨天見過他;或者說，就是某某某，如果把老婆的話插入到我們的話裡面，那就是定語從句和同位語從句或者是插入語。

　　I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

　　Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

　　其實很簡單，同位語--要解釋的東西刪除後不影響整個句子的構成;定語從句—借用之前的關鍵詞並且用其重新組成一個句子插入其中，但是whom or that 關鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。

　　6***排比***排山倒海句***

　　文學作品中最吸引人的地方莫過於此，如果非要讓你的文章更加精彩的話，那麼我希望你引用一個個的排比句，一個個得對偶句，一個個的不定式，一個個地詞，一個個的短語，如此表達將會使文章有排山倒海之勢!

　　Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

　　Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

　　We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. ***氣勢恢巨集***

　　要想寫出如此氣勢恢巨集的句子非用排比不可!

　　七、 挑戰極限原則

　　既然十挑戰極限，必然是比較難的，但是並非不可攀!

　　原理：在學生的文章中，很少發現諸如獨立主格的句子，其實也很簡單，只要花上5分鐘的時間看看就可以領會，它就是分詞的一種特殊形式，分詞要求主語一致，而獨立主格則不然。比如：

　　The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.

　　Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.

　　如果您可一些出這樣的句子，不得高分才怪!

　　文章主體段落三大殺手鐗：

　　一、舉例項

　　思維短路，舉例項!提出一個觀點，舉例項!提出一個方案，舉例項!而且者也是我們揭示一個觀點最好的方式，任何情況下，只要我們無法繼續文章，不管三七二十一，儘管舉例子!

　　In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.

　　更多句型：

　　To take „ as an example, One example is„, Another example is„, for example

　　二、做比較

　　方法：寫完一個要點，比較與之相似的;又寫完一個要點，再比較與之相反的;

　　世界上沒有同樣的指紋，沒有相同的樹葉，文章亦同，只有通過比較，你才會發現二者的相同點***through comparison***和不同點***through contrast***。下面是一些短語： 相似的比較：

　　in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

　　相反的比較：

　　on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with „, „

　　三、換言之

　　沒話說了，可以換一句話再說，讓你的文章在多一些字，或者文鄒鄒地說，是讓讀者更充分的理解你的觀點。

　　實際就是重複重複再重複!下面的句子實際上就三個字 I love you!

　　I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.

　　I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you. 或者上面我們舉過的例子：

　　I cannot bear it.

　　可以用短語表達：I cannot put up with it.

　　因此可以這樣說：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.

　　更多短語：

　　in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply